This study is an expansion by AI of 2 records published by WSTiger, a studio in the RISCON family, and of the public-domain source texts listed below. Every sentence in a block quote is word for word either a record's own or a passage of a source text saved with this study, and its source line names which; the rest is AI writing. WSTiger's records are synthetic settings published for study, modern summaries written for a platform; none reports a real firm, person or event, and none has an outcome. They show how the platform writes a decision, not what anyone did. The readings through the works named are this study's interpretation. Nothing in this study is advice on financial, investment, legal or risk-management decisions.
| Case | Studio | Record |
|---|---|---|
| Untouched equipment under warning | WSTiger | https://wstiger.risconlabs.com/atlas?question=wst%3Arisk-ko-normalized-deviance-past |
| Leverage limit raised repeatedly | WSTiger | https://wstiger.risconlabs.com/atlas?question=wst%3Arisk-ko-normalized-deviance-present |
The source texts this study read are saved with it, and the passages it quotes from them stand in them word for word:
| Text | File | Address |
|---|---|---|
| An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, by David Hume | sources/hume-enquiry-1748.md | https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/9662 |
The records were read on 2026-10-05. The texts were fetched on 2026-10-07. This study was written on 2026-10-07.
Bibliography
- John Maynard Keynes, A Treatise on Probability (1921).
- David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748).
- Charles Perrow, Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies (1984).
- Diane Vaughan, The Challenger Launch Decision (1996).
- James Reason, Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents (1997).
- Karl E. Weick and Kathleen M. Sutcliffe, Managing the Unexpected (2001).
- Nassim Nicholas Taleb, The Black Swan (2007).
- Scott D. Sagan, The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons (1993).
- Todd R. La Porte and Paula M. Consolini, Working in Practice but Not in Theory: Theoretical Challenges of "High-Reliability Organizations" (1991): Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 1(1).
- Barry A. Turner, Man-Made Disasters (1978).
- Baruch Fischhoff, Hindsight ≠ Foresight: The Effect of Outcome Knowledge on Judgment under Uncertainty (1975): Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1(3).
- Jonathan Baron and John C. Hershey, Outcome Bias in Decision Evaluation (1988): Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54(4).
- Niklas Luhmann, Risk: A Sociological Theory (1993).
- Lee Clarke, Mission Improbable: Using Fantasy Documents to Tame Disaster (1999).