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Closed by Order: Who Was Shut Out, and for How Long, in the Panics of 1907 and 1933 · The study

Sources and bibliography

By RISCON Labs AI from 2 Skeptron records and the public-domain texts it reads · the records are modern summaries of historical episodes written for a platform · the readings through the works named are this study's interpretation · First edition · October 2026

AI-generated editorial illustration: Quiet hands rest on a pouch before the lowered grille of a period bank counter.
Closed by Order: Who Was Shut Out, and for How Long, in the Panics of 1907 and 1933Opening
In this part
  1. Bibliography
In this part
  1. Bibliography

This study is an expansion by AI of 2 records published by Skeptron, a studio in the RISCON family, and of the public-domain source texts listed below. Every sentence in a block quote is word for word either a record's own or a passage of a source text saved with this study, and its source line names which; the rest is AI writing. Skeptron's records are modern summaries of historical episodes written for a platform, not archival documents; they keep some of what the actors wrote and drop the rest, and the paper says which where it matters. The readings through the works named are this study's interpretation. Nothing in this study is advice on financial, legal or policy decisions.

CaseStudioRecord
The Panic of 1907Skeptronhttps://skeptron.risconlabs.com/questions?question=HQ-HC4-PANIC1907-01
The Bank Holiday of 1933Skeptronhttps://skeptron.risconlabs.com/questions?question=HQ-HC1-BANKHOLIDAY1933-01

The records were read on 2026-10-06. This book was written on 2026-10-07.

Bibliography

  • Walter Bagehot, Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market (1873).
  • Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (1963).
  • Michael D. Bordo, The Lender of Last Resort: Alternative Views and Historical Experience (1990).
  • Gary B. Gorton, Misunderstanding Financial Crises: Why We Don't See Them Coming (2012).
  • Douglas W. Diamond and Philip H. Dybvig, Bank Runs, Deposit Insurance, and Liquidity (1983).
  • Charles W. Calomiris and Stephen H. Haber, Fragile by Design: The Political Origins of Banking Crises and Scarce Credit (2014).
  • Elmus Wicker, The Banking Panics of the Great Depression (1996).
  • Jon R. Moen and Ellis W. Tallman, The Bank Panic of 1907: The Role of Trust Companies (1992).
  • Barrie A. Wigmore, Was the Bank Holiday of 1933 Caused by a Run on the Dollar? (1987).
  • Robert Higgs, Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government (1987).
  • O. M. W. Sprague, History of Crises under the National Banking System (1910).
  • United States Congress, Federal Reserve Act (1913).
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt, Proclamation 2039, Declaring a Bank Holiday (1933).
  • United States Congress, Emergency Banking Relief Act (1933).

Every sentence in a quotation block is Skeptron's record, word for word. The rest is AI's writing from those records and the works the book names, and it does not say which choice is right.

Back to the series · Until Further Notice: Emergency Decisions in Money and Credit and the Records of Their End, c. 1750 BC – AD 2023

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